HALF-HOURS  WITH  THE  STARS 

A  PLAIN  AND  EASY  GUIDE  TO  THE   KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE 

CONSTELLATIONS 


SHOWING,  IN    TWELVE  MAPS,  THE  POSITION   FOR  THE   UNITED  STATES  OF  THE   PRINCIPAL  STAR 

GROUPS  NIGHT  AFTER  NIGHT  THROUGHOUT  THE  YEAR,  WITH  INTRODUCTION 

AND  A  SEPARATE  EXPLANATION  OF  EACH  MAP. 


TRUE   FOR   EVERY  YEAR 
MAPS  AND  TEXT  SPECIALLY  PREPARED   FOR  AMERICAN    STUDENTS 


BY 

RICHARD  A.  PROCTOR,  F.R.A.S. 

AUTHOR   OF  "HALF   HOURS   WITH    THE   TELESCOPE,"  "EASY    STAR    LESSONS,"  "A    LARGER    STAR   ATLAS,"  AXD   THE   ARTICLE     OX 
ASTRONOMY   IN   THE    "AMERICAN   CYCLOPAEDIA"   AND   THE    "CYCLOPEDIA    BRITTANICA,"   ETC.,    ETC. 


"  Here  I  may  sit  and  rightly  spell 
Of  every  star  that  Heav'n  doth  show." — MILTON. 

The  Heavens  declare  the  glory  of  God  ;  and  the  Firmament  showeth  His  handiwork. — PSALMS  xix:   I. 


NEW    YORK  AND  LONDON 

G.  P.  PUTNAM'S    SONS 
Cbt  Jinickcrbocktr  |)itss 


COPYRIGHT,    BY 

G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 

1887 


Electrotyped,  Printed,  and  Bound  by 

e  •Knickerbocker  press,  f»ew 
G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 


[UNIVERSITY 

,.' 


INTRODUCTION  ON  THE  USE  OF  THE  MAPS. 


It  is  very  easy  to  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  stars,  if  the  learner  sets  to  work  in  the  proper  man- 
ner. But  he  commonly  meets  with  a  difficulty  at  the  outset  of  his  task.  He  provides  himself  with 
a  set  of  the  ordinary  star-maps,  and  then  finds  himself  at  a  loss  how  to  make  use  of  them.  Such 
maps  tell  him  nothing  of  the  position  of  the  constellations  on  the  sky.  If  he  happen  to  recog- 
i.ize  a  constellation,  then  indeed  his  maps,  if  properly  constructed,  will  tell  him  the  names  of  the 
stars  forming  the  constellation,  and  also  he  may  be  able  to  recognize  a  few  of  the  neighboring  con- 
stellations. But  when  he  has  done  this  he  may  meet  with  a  new  difficulty,  even  as  respects  this 
very  constellation.  For  if  he  look  for  it  again  some  months  later,  he  will  neither  find  it  in  its  for- 
mer place  nor  will  it  present  the  same  aspect, — if  indeed  it  happen  to  be  above  the  horizon  at  all. 

It  is  clear,  then,  that  what  the  learner  wants  is  a  set  of  maps  specially  constructed  to  show  him 
in  what  part  of  the  sky  the  constellations  are  to  be  looked  for.  He  ought  on  any  night  of  the  year 
to  be  able  to  turn  at  once  to  the  proper  map,  and  in  that  map  he  ought  to  see  at  once  what  to  look 
for,  toward  what  point  of  the  compass  each  visible  constellation  lies,  and  how  high  it  is  above  the 
horizon.  And,  if  possible  (as  the  present  work  shows  is  the  case),  one  map  ought  to  suffice  to 
exhibit  the  aspect  of  the  whole  heavens,  in  order  that  the  beginner  may  not  be  confused  by  turn- 
ing from  map  to  map,  and  trying  to  find  out  how  each  fits  in  with  the  others. 

It  is  to  fulfil  these  requirements  that  the  present  maps  have  been  constructed.  Each  exhibits 
the  aspect  of  the  whole  sky  at  a  given  day  and  hour.  The  circumference  of  the  map  represents 
the  natural  horizon,  the  middle  of  the  map  representing  the  part  of  the  sky  which  lies  imme- 
diately overhead.  If  the  learner  hold  one  of  these  maps  over  his  head,  so  as  to  look  vertically 
upwards  at  it,  the  different  parts  of  the  horizon  marked  in  round  the  circumference  being  turned 
towards  the  proper  compass  points,  he  will  see  the  same  view  of  the  heavens  as  he  would  if  he  were 
to  lie  on  his  back  and  look  upwards  at  the  sky,  only  that  the  map  is  a  planisphere  and  the  sky  a 
hemisphere. 

But  although  this  illustration  serves  to  indicate  the  nature  of  the  maps,  the  actual  mode  of 
using  them  is  more  convenient. 

Let  it  first  be  noted  that  properly  speaking  the  maps  have  neither  top,  bottom,  nor  sides. 
Each  map  may  be  held  with  any  part  of  the  circumference  downward  :  then  the  centre  of  the  map 
is  to  be  looked  upon  as  the  top  for  that  part  of  the  circumference.  The  portion  of  the  map 
lying  beneath  the  centre  represents  the  portion  of  the  sky  lying  between  the  point  overhead  and  a 
certain  part  of  the  horizon — the  part  in  fact  corresponding  to  the  particular  part  of  the  circum- 
ference which  is  turned  downwards.  Thus  if  on  any  night  we  wish  to  learn  what  are  the  stars 
towards  the  north,  we  look  for  the  map  corresponding  to  that  night.  At  the  hour  named  the  stars 
toward  the  north  will  be  those  shown  between  the  centre  of  the  map  and  the  top ;  and,  of  course, 

i 


178059 


2  INTRODUCTION   ON   THE   USE   OF  THE   MAPS. 

we  hold   the  map  upside  down  so  as  to  bring  the  centre  above  the  northern  part   of  the  circum- 
ference. 

But  this  matter  will  be  more  clearly  understood  by  comparing  the  account  of  any  of  the  ac- 
companying maps  with  the  map  itself. 

Again,  it  must  be  noted  that,  although  the  maps  are  necessarily  arranged  in  a  certain  order, 
there  is  in  reality  no  first  or  last  in  the  series.  The  map  numbered  I.  follows  the  map  numbered 
XII.  in  exactly  the  same  manner  that  the  latter  follows  the  map  numbered  XI.  The  maps  form  a 
circular  series,  in  fact. 

The  only  reason  for  numbering  the  maps  as  at  present,  is  that  the  map  numbered  I.  happens 
to  exhibit  the  aspect  of  the  sky  at  a  convenient  hour  on  the  night  of  January  1st.  It  will  be  found 
that  the  dates  follow  on  with  intervals  of  seven  or  eight  days  right  round  the  year,  the  end  of  the 
year  falling  in  the  left-hand  column  of  the  table  under  Map  I.,  while  the  beginning  of  the  year  is  in 
the  right-hand  column  of  the  same  map.* 

It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  a  map  can  always  be  found  corresponding  to  a  convenient  hour  on 
any  night  of  the  year.  (In  midsummer,  on  a  few  of  the  dates  mentioned  under  the  maps,  night  has 
not  begun  at  the  hour  named.)  On  any  date  named  under  a  map,  the  aspect  of  the  sky  two  hours 
later  than  that  named  is  that  represented  in  the  following  map.  Thus  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  eve- 
ning of  January  22d,  the  aspect  of  the  stars  is  as  shown  in  Map  I.  At  ten  o'clock  on  the  same 
night  the  aspect  of  the  sky  is  that  shown  in  Map  II.,  as  a  date  under  that  map  shows.  Applying 
this  rule  to  the  few  occasions  on  which  the  hour  named  is  not  available  for  observation  (five  or  six 
in  all  out  of  ninety-six  dates),  the  observer  can  manage  as  well  for  those  occasions  as  for  any  others. 

Next,  as  to  finding  the  north  point,  or  any  point  of  the  compass  which  will  enable  the  observer 
to  determine  the  rest.  If  he  is  only  familiar  with  the  aspect  of  those  seven  bright  stars  of  the 
Great  Bear  which  have  been  called  the  Dipper,  Charles'  Wain,  (really  "  The  Churl's  Wain,")  the 
Butcher's  Cleaver,  and  by  other  names,  he  can  always  determine  the  north  point  by  means  of  the 
two  stars  called  the  Pointers,  since  these  seven  stars  never  set.  In  the  explanation  of  each  map  I 
have  shown  where  the  Great  Bear  is  to  be  looked  for  on  each  night,  the  observer  being  assumed  to 
have  such  a  general  knowledge  of  the  direction  of  the  compass-points,  as  will  suffice  for  the  pur- 
pose of  finding  so  marked  a  collection  of  stars.  Thus  the  pole-star  is  found,  and  for  the  purpose  of 
such  observations  as  are  here  considered,  this  star  may  be  looked  upon  as  marking  the  exact  direc- 
tion of  the  north. 

Perhaps  nothing  further  is  required;  but  if  the  observer  prefer  it  he  can  determine  the  north 
point  conveniently  at  noon  by  setting  up  a  vertical  stick  in  the  sunlight  and  noting  the  direction  in 
which  the  shadow  lies.  Once  the  observation  has  been  made,  he  can  note  what  objects  (these 
should  be  distant)  lie  towards  the  different  points  of  the  compass,  and  from  that  time  he  can  use 
the  accompanying  maps  without  any  reference  to  the  Great  Bear  and  the  Pointers. 

It  is  worth  noticing  that  the  stars  called  the  Guardians  of  the  Pole  form  no  bad  time-piece 
when  used  with  the  aid  of  such  maps  as  the  present.  They  revolve  round  the  pole  once  in  twenty- 
four  hours  (less  about  four  minutes),  in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  a  clock's  hands.  But  stars 
near  the  equator,  whose  motions  are  much  more  rapid,  afford  a  yet  better  measure  of  time,  if  the 
direction  of  the  south  point  is  well  determined. 

*  It  may  be  mentioned  in  passing,  that  the  dates  have  not  been  thrown  in  so  as  to  fall  regularly  round  the  year,  but  corre- 
spond with  the  variations  due  to  the  earth's  variable  motion  round  the  sun. 


INTRODUCTION   ON   THE   USE   OF  THE    MAPS.  3 

Of  course,  the  observer  who  really  wishes  to  become  an  astronomer  will  not  rest  satisfied  by 
learning  only  the  principal  stars  shown  in  these  maps.  By  means  of  the  regular  star-maps,  such  as 
those  of  my  School  Star  Atlas,  he  will  be  able  to  explore  the  depths  of  all  the  constellations,  having 
once  learned  their  position  and  general  appearance  from  the  accompanying  maps.  It  will  be  well 
for  the  student  to  remember  that  the  planets  Venus,  Mars,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn  will  at  times  appear 
among  the  constellations  here  shown.  Venus  and  Jupiter  can  always  be  recognized  by  their 
superior  light,  Mars  and  Saturn  by  the  steadiness  with  which  they  shine.  The  almanac  will  always 
show  when  these  planets  and  Mercury  (often  very  bright  in  the  clear  skies  of  America)  are  above  the 
horizon,  and  where  they  are  situate.  They  never  appear  except  among  the  zodiacal  constellations. 

For  particulars  and  pictures  of  the  different  constellations,  and  other  details  associated  with  the 
study  of  the  star-groupings,  the  reader  is  referred  to  my  "  Easy  Star  Lessons,"  published  like  the 
present  maps  by  Messrs.  PUTNAM'S  SONS.  I  have  to  thank  the  proprietors  of  the  Scientific  American 
for  permission  to  publish  these  maps,  which  originally  appeared  (though  in  a  slightly  different  form) 
in  the  pages  of  that  excellent  magazine.  The  Latin  names  of  the  constellations  included  in  the 
maps  of  this  series  are  as  follows  : 

THE  LITTLE  BEAR,  URSA  MINOR    a,  the  Pole  Star ,  ft,  v,  t/ie  Guardians). 

THE  DRAGON,  DRACO  (m,  Thuban). 
KING  CEPHEUS,  CEPHEUS. 

THE  LADY  IN  THE  CHAIR,  CASSIOPEIA. 

THE  CHAMPION,  PERSEUS  (ft,  Algol,  remarkable  variable). 

THE  CHARIOTEER,  AURIGA  (a,  Capdla), 

THE  GREATER  BEAR,  URSA  MAJOR  (a.  /3,  the  Pointers'). 

THE  HUNTING  DOGS,  CANES  VENATICI  (a,  Cor  Caroli). 
QUEEN  BERENICE'S  HAIR,  COMA  BERENICES. 

THE  HERDSMAN,  BOOTES  (a,  Arcturus\ 

THE  NORTHERN  CROWN,  CORONA  BOREALIS. 

THE  SERPENT,  SERPENS. 

THE  KNEELER,  HERCULES. 

THE  LYRE,  LYRA  (a,  Vega}. 

THE  SWAN,  CYGNUS  (a,  Arided ;  ft,  Albireo}. 

1HE  WINGED  HORSE,  PEGASUS. 

THE  CHAINED  LADY,  ANDROMEDA. 

THE  TRIANGLES,  TRIANGULA. 

THE  RAM,  ARIES. 

THE  BULL,  TAURUS  (a,  AI debar  an  ;  rj,  Alcyone,  the  chief  P.eiad}. 

THE  TWINS,  GEMINI  (a,  Castor;  ft,  Pollux). 

THE  CRAB,  CANCER  (the  cluster  between  ;'  and  8  is  the  Beehive}. 

THE  LION,  LEO  (a,  Regulus). 

THE  VIRGIN,  VIRGO  (a,  Sfica}. 

THE  SCALES,  LIBRA. 

THE  SERPENT-HOLDER,  OPHIUCHUS. 

THE  EAGLE,  AQUILA  (o-,  Altair}. 

THE  DOLPHIN,  DELPHINUS. 


INTRODUCTION   ON   THE   USE   OF  THE   MAPS. 


THE  WATER  CARRIER,  AQUAIRUS. 

THE  FISHES,  PISCES. 

THE  SEA  MONSTER,  CETUS  (o,  Mira,  remarkable  variable) 

THE  RIVER,  ERJDANUS. 

THE  GIANT  HUNTER,  ORION  (a,  Betelgeux  ;  /3,  Rigtl}. 

THE  LESSER  DOG,  CANIS  MINOR  (a,  Procyon}. 

THE  SEA  SERPENT,  HYDRA  (a,  Alphard}. 

THE  CUP,  CRATER  (a,  Alkes). 

THE  CROW,  CORVUS. 

THE  SCORPION,  SCORPIO  (a,  Antares}. 

THE  ARCHER,  SAGITTARIUS. 

THE  SEA-GOAT,  CAPRICORNUS 

THE  SOUTHERN  FISH,  PISCIS  AUSTRALIS  (a,  Fomalhauf), 

THE  HARE,  LEPUS. 

THE  DOVE,  COLUMBA. 

THE  GREATER  DOG,  CANIS  MAJOR,  (a,  Sinus). 

THE  SHIP,  ARGO. 

THE  CENTAUR,  CENTAURUS. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  names  of  all  the  stars  of  the  first  three  magnitudes  to  which 
astronomers  have  given  names  ;  at  least,  all  those  whose  names  are  in  common  use  : 

a  Andromedoe,  Alpheratz 

ft  ,  Mirach,  Mitar 

y  ,  Almach. 

n  Aquarii,  Sadalmclik 

ft  ,  Sadalsund 

S  ,  Skat 

a  Aquiloe,  Altair 

ft ,  Alshain 

y  ,  Tarazed 

a  Arietis,  Hamal 
ft  —      — ,  Sheratan 

y  ,  Mesartim 

a  Aurigae,  Capella 

ft  ,  Menkalinan 

a  Bootis,  Arcturus 

ft ,  Nekkar 

£    ,  Izar,  Mizar,  Mirach 

q ,  Muphrid 

a  Canum  Ven.,  Cor  Caroli 
a  Canis  Majoris,  Sirius 

ft  ,  Mirzam 

f   ,  Adara 

K  Canis  Minoris,  Procyon 

ft  ,  Comtisa 

a'1  Capricorni,  Secunda  Giedi 

S ,  Deneb  Algiedi 

a  Cassiopeiae,  Schedar 

ft  ,  Chaph 

a  Cephei,  Alderamin 

ft  ,  Alphirk 

y  ,  Errai 

a  Ceti,  Menkar 
ft ,  Diphda 


?  Ceti,  Baten  Kaitos 

cc  Ophiuchi,  Ras  Alhague 

a  Columbae,  Phact 
a.  Coronae  Bor,  Alphecca 
a  Corvi,  Alchiba 

tt  Orionis,  Betelgeux 

ft         -  .         .       Ria-f? 

P                       t   X.tg  C  I 

a  Crateris,  Alkcs 
OL  Cygni,  Arided,  Deneb  Adige 

if  Pegasi,  Markab 

R                          rrL       f 

cc.  Draconis,  Thuban 

ft  Eridani,  Cursa 

a  Persei,  Mirfak 

fi                             4J,rnJ 

a  Geminorum,  Castar 
ft                  Pollux 

a  Piscis  Aust.,  Fomalhaut 
e    Sagittarii,  Kaus  Australis 
a  Scorpionis,  Antares,  Cor  Scorpioms 
a.  Serpentis,   Unukalhai 
a  Tauri,  Aldebaran 
ft                       \rntft 

&                                 llrs-  ffi  f 

£    ,  Mebsuta 
a.   Herculis,  Ras  Algethi 

a  Hydras,  Al  Fard,  Cor  Hydra 
cc  Leonis,  Regulus^  Cor  Lconis 

a  Ursx  Majoris,  Dubhe 

/?                               Afffnb 

F                                A  /t'sifJr 

cc  Leporis,  Arneb 
a.   Librae,  Zuben  el  Genubi 

a  Ursae  Minoris,  Polaris 
a  .  .       .    jfai-t.,.>, 

cc  Lyrze,   Vega 
ft  ,                Shtliafc 

a  Virginis,  Spica  Azimech    Spica 

V      _.    .  —  ._   .          C/T//T^A/I/ 

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At  io£  o'clock :  Dec.  15. 
At  10  o'clock  :  Dec.  23. 


At  9£  o'clock  :  Dec.  30. 


At  9  o'clock :  Jan.  7. 
At  8£  o'clock  :  Jan.  14. 
At  8  o'clock  :  Jan.  22. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;  fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.     For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


NIGHT  SKY. — DECEMBER   AND  JANUARY. 


NIGHT  SKY.— DECEMBER  AND  JANUARY. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  is  now  rising  well  above  the  horizon,  in  the  northeast,  the  Point- 
ers about  midway  between  north  and  northeast.  A  line  from  the  Pole  Star  to  the  Guardians  of  the 
Pole  is  now  in  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  about  28  minutes  past  an  hour.  The 
Dragon  (Draco)  lies  due  north,  curving  round  under  the  Little  Bear,  its  head  close  to  the  horizon. 
Low  down  in  the  northwest  is  a  part  of  the  Swan  (Cygnus).  Higher  up  we  see  King  Cepheus,  his 
wife  Cassiopeia,  and  their  daughter  Andromeda  (the  Seated  Lady  and  Chained  Lady,  respectively), 
with  the  Rescuer  (Perseus)  nearly  overhead.  The  Winged  Horse  is  setting,  his  head  close  by  the 
western  horizon,  and  near  the  jar  of  the  Water  Bearer  (Aquarius). 

In  the  southwest  is  the  Whale  ;  and  close  by,  the  constellation  Pisces,  or  the  Fishes  ;  above  them 
the  Ram  (Aries),  between  which  and  Andromeda  the  Triangles  can  be  seen. 

In  the  south  the  River  (Eridanus)  makes  now  its  best  show.  Its  leading  brilliant,  Acliernar,  is, 
however,  never  seen  in  the  United  States.  In  the  southeast  the  Great  Dog,  with  the  splendid 
Sirius  ("  which  bfightliest  shines  when  laved  of  ocean's  wave  "),  shows  resplendently.  Above  is 
Orion  now  standing  upright,  treading  on  the  Hare  (Lepus)  and  facing  the  Bull  (Taurus),  now  at  its 
highest.  The  Dove  (Columba)  below  the  Hare  is  a  modern  and  not  very  interesting  constellation. 

The  Little  Dog  (Cants  Minor)  is  on  the  east  of  Orion.  In  the  east  the  Sea  Serpent  (Hydra)  is 
rising,  and  due  east  a  little  higher  we  find  Cancer,  the  Crab,  (note  the  pretty  cluster  called  the  Bee- 
hive (Praesepe) ;  above  are  the  twins  (Gemini),  and  above  them  the  Charioteer  (Auriga),  with  the 
bright  Capella,  nearly  overhead. 

The  Lion  is  rising  in  the  northeast,  his  heart  star  Regulus  (a)  being  low  down  a  little  north  of  east. 

Lastly,  due  north,  high  up,  the  absurd  Giraffe  (Camelopardus)  stands  proudly  on  his  ridiculous 
head. 


NIGHT  SKY. — JANUARY  AND  FEBRUARY. 


NIGHT  SKY.— JANUARY   AND   FEBRUARY. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  with  its  Dipper  and  Pointers,  occupies  the  northeasterly  mid- 
heaven.  A  line  from  the  Pole  Star  (a  of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa  Minor)  to  the  Guardians,  /?  and  y, 
lies  in  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  23  minutes  after  an  hour.  The  Camelopard  (Ca- 
melopardus)  is  above.  The  Dragon  (Draco),  whose  head  is  below  the  horizon,  curves  round  the  Lit- 
tle Bear  to  between  the  Guardians  and  the  Pointers.  In  the  northwest,  fairly  high  up,  we  find  Cas- 
siopeia, the  Seated  Lady,  and  on  her  right,  lower  down,  the  inconspicuous  constellation  Cepheus. 
Andromeda,  the  Chained  Lady,  is  on  Cassiopeia's  left.  The  Great  Nebula  will  be  noticed  in  the 
map— it  is  faintly  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  Above  Andromeda  is  Perseus,  the  Rescuing  Knight, 
and  above  him  the  Charioteer  (Auriga),  nearly  overhead.  On  the  left  of  Andromeda  is  Aries,  the 
Ram,  the  small  constellation  the  Triangles  lying  between  them. 

Toward  the  southwest,  the  Whale  (Cetus)  is  beginning  to  set.  The  River  (Eridanus)  occupies 
the  lower  part  of  the  southwesterly  sky,  and  extends  also  to  the  mid-heavens  in  that  direction.  The 
Dove  (Columbd)  is  nearly  due  south,  and  at  its  best — which  is  not  saying  much.  Above  is  the  Hare 
(Lepus),  on  which  Orion  treads.  The  Giant  now  presents  his  noblest  aspect — prince  of  all  the  con- 
stellations as  he  is.  He  faces  the  Bull  (Taurus),  known  by  the  Pleiades  and  the  bright  Aldebaran. 

Close  by  the  poor  Hare,  on  the  left,  leaps  Canis  Major,  the  Greater  Dog,  with  the  bright  Sirius, 
which  "  bickers  into  green  and  emerald."  The  stern  of  the  Star  Ship  (Argo)  is  nearing  the  south. 

Very  high  in  the  southeast  we  find  the  Twins  (Gemini),  with  the  twin  stars,  Castor  and  Pollux 
(a  and  /?) ;  and  below  them  the  Little  Dog  (Canis  Minor).  The  Sea  Serpent  (Hydra)  is  rearing  its 
tall  neck  above  the  eastern  horizon  (by  south),  as  if  aiming  either  for  the  Little  Dog  or  for  the  Crab 
(Cancer),  now  high  up  in  the  east,  with  its  pretty  Beehive  cluster  showing  well  in  clear  weather. 
The  Lion  (Leo)  is  due  east,  the  Sickle  (marked  by  the  stars  a,  rj,  y,  u  and  f)  being  easily  recognized. 

Queen  Berenice's  Hair  (Coma  Berenices,  not  Bcrenicis,  as  often  ignorantly  given)  is  in  the 
northeast.  It  used  to  mark  the  tip  of  the  real  Lion's  tail,  just  as  the  stars  of  the  Crab  marked  his 
head.  The  Hunting  Dogs  occupy  the  space  between  Berenice's  Hair  and  the  Great  Bear. 


MAP  II.     NIGHT  SKY.— JANUARY  AND  FEBRUARY. 


•t+*'\ 


LEPUSV. 


COLUMBA 


At  ii  o'clock:  Jan.  7. 
At  lOi  o'clock  :  Jan.  14. 
At  10  o'clock  :  Jan.  22. 


At  yj  o'clock  :  Jan.  29. 


At  9  o'clock  :  Feb.  6. 
At  8£  o'clock :  Feb.  14. 
At  8  o'clock  :  Feb.  21. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;  fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.     For  star-names  reler  to  page  4. 


MAP  III.     NIGHT  SKY.— FEBRUARY  AND  MARCH. 


/*** 


s.7* 


"A     V 

vVr 


'.*»*;:£•:• 


At  ii  o'clock:  Feb.  6. 
At  io£  o'clock :  Feb.  14. 
At  10  o'clock  :  Feb.  21. 


Southern  Horizon 


At  9!  o'clock :  Mar.  i. 


At  9  o'clock  :  Mar.  8. 
At  Sir  o'clock  :  Mar.  16. 
At  8  o'clock :  Mar.  23. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;  fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.     For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


NIGHT  SKY.- -FEBRUARY   AND   MARCH.  13 


NIGHT  SKY.— FEBRUARY  AND  MARCH. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major),  with  its  Dipper  and  Pointers,  is  now  high  up  in  the  northeastern 
sky.  The  Pointers  direct  us  to  the  Pole  Star,  (a  of  the  Little  Bear  Ursa  Minor).  A  line  from  the 
Pole  Star  to  the  Guardians  of  the  Pole  (J3  and  y)  lies  in  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock 
1 8  minutes  after  an  hour.  The  Dragon  (Draco)  extends  from  between  the  Bears  to  the  horizon- 
east  of  north — where  its  head  with  its  two  bright  eyes  can  be  seen. 

Cepheus  is  low  down,  somewhat  to  the  west  of  north  ;  his  Queen  (Cassiopeia)  the  Seated  Lady, 
beside  him  (a  and  fi  mark  the  top  rail  of  her  chair's  back) ;  while  above  her  lies  the  poor  constella- 
tion Camelopardus,  the  jiraffe. 

Andromeda,  the  Chained  Lady,  is  in  the  northwest,  low  down — in  fact,  partly  set ;  the  Tri- 
angles and  the  Ram  (Arits)  beside  her,  toward  the  west.  Above  them  is  Perseus,  the  Rescuing 
Knight ;  and  above  him,  somewhat  to  the  west,  the  Charioteer  (Auriga).  The  Bull  (Taurus),  with 
the  Pleiades  and  the  bright  Aldebaran,  is  in  the  mid-heaven,  due  west ;  Gemini,  the  Twins,  higher, 
and  toward  the  southwest.  Orion,  below  them,  is  already  slanting  toward  "  his  grave,  low  down  in 
the  west  "  ;  beneath  him  the  Hare,  and  in  the  southwest  a  part  of  the  River  (Eridanus). 

Due  south  is  a  part  of  the  Star  Ship  (Argo),  beside  which,  low  down,  is  the  foolish  Dove  (Co- 
lumbd),  while  above  leaps  the  Great  Dog  (Cants  Major),  with  the  splendid  Sirius,  chief  of  all  the 
stars  in  the  sky,  marking  his  mouth. 

High  up,  a  little  west  of  north,  is  the  Little  Dog  (Canis  Minor);  and  higher,  a  little  east  of 
north,  the  Crab  (Cancer),  the  "  dark  constellation,"  as  it  was  called  of  old,  with  the  pretty  cluster 
Pr&sepe,  or  the  Beehive. 

The  Sea  Serpent  (Hydra)  is  rearing  his  long  neck  high  above  the  horizon,  bearing  on  his  back, 
absurdly  enough,  Noah's  Cup  (Crater)  and  Noah's  Raven  or  Crow  (Corvus). 

Nearly  due  east,  the  Virgin  (Virgo)  has  risen,  Spica  shining  brightly  just  above  the  horizon. 
The  Lion  (Led)  occupies  the  mid-space  above  ;  the  "  Sickle  in  the  Lion  " — its  handle  marked  by  ij 
and  a,  its  curved  blade  by  y,  p,  and  f — will  at  once  be  recognized.  The  Hair  of  Queen  Berenice 
(Coma  Berenices)  is  nearly  due  east,  and  fairly  high.  Between  this  small  but  remarkable  group  and 
the  Great  Bear,  lies  Hevelius's  foolish  constellation,  the  Hunting  Dogs  (Canes  Venatici).  Lastly,  in 
the  northeast,  the  Herdsman  (Bootes),  with  the  orange-yellow  brilliant,  Arcturus,  is  rising,  though 
at  present,  paradoxical  as  it  may  seem,  he  lies  on  his  back. 


14  NIGHT   SKY. — MARCH   AND   APRIL. 


NIGHT  SKY.— MARCH  AND  APRIL. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major]  is  now  nearing  the  point  overhead,  the  Pointers  (a  and  /?)  aiming 
almost  directly  downward  toward  the  Pole  Star.  The  line  from  this  star  (a  of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa 
Minor]  to  the  Guardians  (ft  and  y}  is  now  in  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  about  13 
minutes  after  an  hour. 

Cepheus  lies  north,  low  down,  Cassiopeia  on  his  left,  the  Camelopard  above  her,  Andromeda 
just  setting,  almost  due  northwest,  on  the  left.  Perseus  is  due  northwest,  rather  low,  the  Charioteer 
(Auriga)  on  his  left,  but  higher.  Setting  between  west  and  northwest  we  see  the  Bull  (Taurus), 
with  the  Pleiades  and  the  ruddy  Aldebaran.  Orion  is  almost  prone  in  his  descent  toward  his  west- 
ern grave.  The  Twins  (Gemini}  are  due  west,  in  the  mid-heavens;  the  Little  Dog  (Canis  Minor} 
beside  them  on  their  left,  the  Crab  (Cancer}  above,  the  Greater  Dog  (Canis  Major}  below,  chasing 
the  Hare  (Lepus)  below  the  horizon.  Just  behind  the  Dog  the  poop  of  the  Great  Ship  (Argo)  is 
also  setting. 

The  Sea  Serpent  (Hydra}  now  shows  his  full  length,  rearing  his  head  high  in  the  south.  Observe 
the  darkness  of  the  region  around  his  heart,  marked  by  the  star  a,  A/fard,the  Solitary  One.  The 
Cup  (Crater)  and  Crow  (Corpus)  stand  on  his  back. 

The  Sickle  in  the  Lion  (Leo)  now  stands  with  handle  upright,  due  south.  Below  the  tail  stars 
of  the  Lion  we  see  the  Virgin  (Virgo},  with  the  bright  Spica  Azimccli.  The  set  of  five  third  magni- 
tude stars,  above,  was  called  by  the  Arabs,  for  reasons  not  explained,  the  "  Retreat  of  the  Howling 
She  Dog." 

Behind  the  Lion,  due  east  and  high  up,  we  see  Coma  Berenices,  the  hair  of  Queen  Berenice, 
between  which  and  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bear  we  see  in  the  chart  one  star  only  of  the  Hunting  Dogs 
(Canes  Venatici}. 

The  Herdsman  (Bootes},  still  on  his  back,  pursues  in  that  striking  and  effective  position  the 
Gieat  Bear.  Below  the  shoulder  stars  of  the  Herdsman  we  see  the  Crown  (Corona  Borealis),  neai 
which,  on  the  right,  low  down  and  due  east,  the  head  of  the  Serpent  (Scrpcns}  is  rising.  Hercules 
is  also  rising,  but  in  the  northeast. 

Lastly,  the  stars  of  the  Dragon  (Draco}  can  be  seen  curving  from  between  the  Pointers  and  the 
Pole,  round  the  Little  Bear,  then  back  toward  Hercules,  the  head  of  the  Dragon,  with  the  bright 
eyes,  ft  and  y,  being  rather  low  down,  and  somewhat  north  of  northeast. 


MAP  IV.     NIGHT  SKY.— MARCH  AND  APRIL. 


If  #•--*-    S 
' 


K£. 


ul 

VL     •:'::&..-•'•:.:-.     p  *  + 
,27*     *rS:*a;;V      S 


At  ii  o'clock:  Mar.  8. 
At  lot  o'clock  :  Mar.  16. 
At  10  o'clock  :  Mar.  23. 


Southern  Horizon-     -^ 


At  pi  o'clock  :  Mar.  30. 


At  9  o'clock  :  Apr.  7. 
At  8i  o'clock:  Apr.  14. 
''At  8  o'clock:  Apr.  22. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ,  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;  fifih  magnitude  (very  few),  ihree-pointed.      For  star-names  refer  to  page  4 


Of  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


MAP  V.     NIGHT  SKY.— APRIL  AND  MAY. 


At  ii  o'clock:  Apr.  7. 
At  io|  o'clock  :  Apr.  14. 
At  10  o'clock :  Apr.  22. 


At  pi  o'clock :  Apr.  30. 


At  9  o'clock :  May  7. 
At  8|  o'clock :  May  15. 
At  8  o'clock  :  May  22. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ,  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;   fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.     For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


NIGHT  SKY- — APRIL  AND   MAY.  19 


NIGHT  SKY.— APRIL  AND  MAY. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  is  now  at  its  highest  and  nearly  overhead,  the  pointers'  aiming 
downward  from  high  up,  slightly  west  of  due  north.  A  line  from  the  Pole  S:ar,  (a  of  the  Little  Bear, 
Ursa  Minor)  to  the  Guardians  of  the  Pole,  (ft  and  y)  is  now  in  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a 
clock  8  minutes  after  an  hour. 

Below  the  Little  Bear  we  find  Ccplieus  low  down  to  the  east  of  north,  and  Cassiopeia  low  down 
to  the  west  of  north.  J^ersetis,  the  Rescuer,  is  setting  in  the  northwest ;  the  Camelopard  is  above, 
trying  to  get  on  his  feet. 

The  Charioteer  (Auriga),  with  the  bright  Capella,  is  nearing  the  northwestern  horizon,  followed 
by  the  Twins  (Gemini),  in  the  west.  Further  west  and  higher  we  find  the  Crab  (Cancer),  below  which 
is  the  Little  Dog  (Cam's  Minor). 

The  southwestern  sky  is  very  barren  of  bright  stars.  Alfard,  the  heart  of  the  Sea  Serpent, 
Hydra,  shines  here  alone  in  a  great  blank  space.  Above  the  Sea  Serpent's  head  we  see  the  Sickle  in 
the  Lion,  Leo  himself  stretching  his  tail  to  due  south,  very  high  up.  Coma  Berenices  is  close  by,  and 
the  Hunting  Dogs  (Canes  Venatici)  between  Coma  and  the  Great  Bear. 

In  the  south,  lower  down,  we  find  the  Crow  (Corvus),  and  the  Cup  (Crater),  on  the  Serpent's 
back ;  the  Virgin  (Virgo),  extending  in  the  mid-heavens  from  southeast  to  south,  between  the  Lion's 
tail  and  the  Crow.  In  the  same  direction,  but  low  down,  we  find  the  head  and  body  of  the  Centaur 
(Centanrus),  supposed  to  have  typified  the  patriarchal  Noah. 

In  the  southeast  the  Scorpion's  heart  has  just  risen,  and  between  the  head  of  Scorpio  and  the 
Virgin's  robes  we  see  the  stars  of  the  Scales  (Libra). 

Due  east,  low  down,  is  the  Serpent-Holder  (Ophiucliu*),  on  his  back — it  is  the  customary  attitude 
of  heavenly  bodies  when  rising.  The  Serpent  (Serpcns)  held  by  him  is  seen  curving  upward  toward 
the  Crown  (Corona  Borealis\  The  Serpent's  head  is  due  west,  and  above  it  we  see  the  bright  Arc. 
turus,  chief  brilliant  of  the  Herdsman  (Bootes). 

In  the  northeast  is  Hercules,  his  head  close  to  the  head  of  the  Serpent-Holder.  Beneath  his 
feet  is  the  Lyre  (Lyra)  with  the  brilliant  Vega  ;  and'"the  Swan  (Cygnus)  has  already  half  risen  above 
the  northeastern  horizon. 

Lastly,  the  Dragon  (Draco)  curves  from  between  the  Pointers  and  the  Pole,  round  the  Guardians 
toward  Cephcus,  and  then  retorts  its  head,  with  gleaming  eyes  (ft  and  y),  toward  the  heel  of  Hercules. 


20  NIGHT   SKY.— MAY   AND  JUNE. 


NIGHT  SKY.— MAY  AND  JUNE. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  occupies  all  the  upper  sky  from  the  west  to  north,  except  a  small 
space  occupied  by  the  Hunting  Dogs  (Canes  Venatici).  The  Pointers  are  in  the  northwest,  almost 
horizontal.  A  line  from  the  Pole  Star  (a  of  the  Little  Bear — Ursa  Minor)  to  the  Guardians  of  the 
Pole  (ft  and  y)  now  occupies  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  3  minutes  past  an  hour. 

Due  north,  low  down,  lies  Cassiopeia,  while  above,  somewhat  toward  the  east,  we  find  the  in- 
conspicuous constellation  Cepheus.  The  Camelopard  is  in  the  west  of  north,  and  getting  upright. 

Low  down  in  the  northwest  lie  the  Charioteer  (Auriga),  and  the  head  stars  of  the  Twins 
(Gemini}  further  west.  The  Crab  (Cancer)  is  nearly  due  west,  the  Sea  Serpent  (Hydra)  holding  his 
head  almost  exactly  to  the  west  point.  Above  is  the  Sickle  in  the  Lion,  its  blade  curved  downward, 
and  the  tail  of  the  Lion  (Leo)  lies  above,  toward  the  south  of  west. 

On  the  Serpent's  back  we  find  the  Cup  (Crater)  and  the  Crow  (Corvus),  in  the  southwest  and  to 
the  south  of  southwest  respectively.  Above  these  constellations,  and  extending  beyond  the  south 
toward  the  east,  the  Virgin  (Virgo)  occupies  the  mid-heavens. 

Above  the  Virgin  we  see  the  Herdsman  (Bootes),  his  head  and  shoulders  nearly  overhead.  Low 
down  in  the  south  is  the  Centaur  (Centaurus),  bearing  on  his  spear  the  Wolf  (Lupus)  as  an  offering 
for  the  Altar  (Ara),  which,  however,  is  invisible  in  these  latitudes.  Above  the  Wolf  we  see  the 
Scales  (Libra),  while  the  Scorpion  (Scorpio),  one  of  the  few  constellations  which  can  at  once  be 
recognized  by  its  shape,  is  rising  balefully  in  the  southeast. 

The  Serpent  Bearer  (Ophiuchus)  bears  the  Serpent  (Serpens)  in  the  mid-heavens  toward  the 
southeast,  the  Crown  (Corona  Borealis)  being  high  up  in  the  east,  close  by  the  Serpent's  head. 

Low  down  in  the  east  is  the  Eagle  (Aquila),  with  the  fine  steel-blue  star  Altair,  the  Swan  on 
the  left  about  northeast,  and  above  it  the  Lyre  (Lyra),  with  the  still  more  brilliant  steel-blue  star 
Vega.  Hercules  occupies  the  space  between  the  Lyre  on  the  one  side  and  the  Crown  and  the  Ser- 
pent's head  on  the  other.  He  is  high  up,  due  east. 

Lastly,  the  Dragon  winds  from  between  the  Pointers  and  the  Pole  round  the  Little  Bear,  tow- 
ard Cepheus,  and  then  eastward  toward  the  feet  of  Hercules,  close  by  which  we  see  his  head  and 
gleaming  eyes  (/?  and  y). 


MAP  VI.  NIGHT  SKY.— MAY  AND  JUNE. 


:V"> 


*  Over 
Htad 


*— 4- — * 

T-X      '.  O 


•---J»      ...  -.      N 

»  -fc'*.          * 


At  ii  o'clock:  May  7. 
At  io£  o'clock  :  May  15. 
At  10  o'clock  :  May  22. 


Southern  Horizon 


At  9^  o'clock  :  May  30. 


At  9  o'clock  :  June  7. 
At  8i  o'clock :  June  14. 
At  8  o'clock :  June  22. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;  fourth  magnitude 
(»  few),  four-pointed  ;  fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.      For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


MAP  VII.     NIGHT  SKY.— JUNE  AND  JULY. 


OOVdd        / 


*•      *'  8s 


•"<;„.     \ 


At  ii  o'clock:  June  7. 
At  loi  o'clock  :  June  14. 
At  10  o'clock  :  June  22. 


Southern  Horlton    ^^ 


At  gi  o'clock  :  June  30. 


At  9  o'clock  :  July  7. 
At  81  o'clock  :  July  14. 
At  8  o'clock  :  July  22. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed;  fourth  magnittt 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;  fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.      For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


NIGHT    SKY. — JUNE  AND  JULY.  25 


NIGHT    SKY.— JUNE  AND  JULY. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  is  in  the  mid-heavens  toward  the  northwest,  the  Pointers  not  far 
from  the  horizontal  position.  They  direct  us  to  the  Pole  Star  (a  of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa  Minor). 
The  line  from  this  star  to  the  Guardians  of  the  Pole,  ft  and  y,  is  in  about  the  position  of  the  minute 
hand  of  a  clock  2  minutes  before  an  hour.  The  Dragon  (Draco)  curls  over  the  Little  Bear,  curv- 
ing upward  on  the  east,  to  where  its  head,  high  up  in  the  northeast,  is  marked  by  the  gleaming 
eyes,  /3  and  y.  Under  the  Little  Bear,  the  Camelopard  has  at  last  come  upright. 

Low  down  in  the  west  the  Lion  (Leo)  is  setting.  The  point  of  the  "  Sickle  in  the  Lion  "  is 
turned  toward  the  horizon  ;  the  handle  (marked  by  a  and  if)  is  nearly  horizontal.  Above  the  Lion's 
tail  is  Berenice's  Hair  (Coma  Berenices) ;  and  between  that  and  the  Great  Bear's  tail  our  chart  shows  a 
solitary  star  of  the  Hunting  Dogs  (Canes  Venatici).  The  Crow  (Corvus)  is  low  down  in  the  south- 
west, the  Cup  (Crater)  beside  it,  partly  set,  on  the  right.  Above  is  Virgo,  the  Virgin.  Still  higher 
in  the  southwest — in  fact,  with  head  close  to  the  point  overhead — is  the  Herdsman  (Bootes),  the 
Crown  (Corona  Borealis)  near  his  southern  shoulder  marking  what  was  once  the  Herdsman's  uplifted 
arm. 

Low  down  between  the  south  and  southwest  we  find  the  head  and  shoulders  of  the  Centaur 
(Centaurus),  who  holds  the  Wolf  (Lupus)  due  south.  Above  the  Wolf  are  the  Scales  (Libra),  and 
above  these  the  Serpent  (Serpens),  his  head  in  the  south,  stretching  toward  the  Crown.  In  the  mid- 
sky,  toward  the  southeast,  we  find  the  Serpent  Bearer  (Ophiuchus — one  star  of  the  Serpent  lies  east 
of  him).  Below  the  Serpent  Bearer  we  find  the  Scorpion  (Scorpio),  now  fully  risen,  and  showing 
truly  scorpionic  form.  Beside  the  Scorpion  is  the  Archer  (Sagittarius),  low  down  in  the  southeast. 
To  his  left  we  see,  low  down,  two  stars  marking  the  head  of  the  Sea  Goat  (Capricornus),  and  one 
belonging  to  the  Water  Bearer  (Aquarius).  Above  the  Sea  Goat  flies  the  Eagle  (Aquila\  with  the 
bright  star  A  It  air  ;  and  above,  near  the  point  overhead,  is  the  kneeling  Hercules.  Due  cast,  we  see 
part  of  the  Winged  Horse  (Pegasus) ;  above  that,  the  little  Dolphin  (Delphinus),  and  higher,  the 
Swan  (Cygnus)  and  the  Lyre  (Lyra),  with  the  beautiful  bluish-white  star  Vega. 

Lastly,  low  down,  between  north  and  northeast,  we  find  the  Seated  Lady  (Cassu>peia)  ;  and 
above,  somewhat  eastwardly,  the  inconspicuous  constellation  CepJieus,  Cassiopeia ' s  royal  husband. 


26  NIGHT   SKY. — JULY   AND   AUGUST. 


NIGHT  SKY.— JULY  AND  AUGUST. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  is  now  in  the  northwest,  his  paws  near  the  horizon.  The  Point- 
ers (a  and  /?)  direct  us  to  the  Pole  Star,  (ar  of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa  Minor).  A  line  from  the  Pole 
Star  to  the  Guardians  of  the  Pole  is  in  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  about  7  minutes 
before  an  hour.  Below  the  Little  Bear  we  see  the  Camelopard,  a  little  to  the  east  of  due  north.  The 
Dragon  (Draco)  curves  round  from  between  the  Pointers  and  'the  Pole,  above  the  Little  Bear  toward 
the  east,  then  upward  to  near  the  point  overhead,  its  head,  with  the  bright  stars  /?  and  y,  being 
highest.  Low  down  in  the  west  we  see  Berenice's  Hair  (Coma  Berenices),  and  one  star  of  the  Hunt- 
ing Dogs  (Canes  Venatici]  is  seen  in  the  chart  between  Coma  and  the  Great  Bear.  The  Herdsman 
(Bootes)  occupies  the  mid-heaven  in  the  west,  the  Crown  (Corona  Borealis)  higher  up,  and  due  west, 
Hercules,  between  the  Crown  and  the  point  overhead. 

Low  down,  extending  from  the  west  to  near  the  southwest,  we  find  the  Virgin  (Virgo),  the 
bright  Spica  near  its  setting  place.  In  the  southwest  are  the  Scales  (Libra),  and  farther  to  the  left, 
extending  from  the  Scales  to  low  down  near  the  south,  we  find  the  Scorpion  (Scorpio),  one  of  the 
finest  of  the  constellations,  Atitares,  the  rival  of  Mars  (as  the  name  means),  marking  its  heart. 
Above  the  Scorpion  and  the  Scales  are  the  Serpent  Bearer  (Serpentarius  or  Ophiuchus)  and  the  Ser- 
pent (Serpens),  extending  right  across  him  to  near  the  Crown,  after  which  the  Serpent  seems 
reaching. 

A  little  east  due  south,  low  clown,  we  find  the  Archer  (Sagittarius) ;  in  the  southeast,  low  down, 
the  Sea  Goat  (Capricornus) ;  and  farther  east,  and  lower  down,  the  Water  Bearer  (Aquarius).  Above 
the  Sea  Goat  is  the  Eagle  (Aquild),  with  the  bright -bluish-white  star  A  It  air ;  on  its  left  the  pretty 
little  Dolphin  (Delphinus),  and  above  the  Dolphin,  nearly  overhead,  the  Lyre  (Lyra),  with  the  bluish- 
white  star  Vega  (even  brighter  than  Altair)  nearly  overhead. 

Below  the  Lyre  we  see  the  Swan  (Cygnus),  due  east ;  and  below  the  Swan  the  Winged  Horse 
(Pegasus),  upside  down,  as  usual. 

In  the  northeast,  Andromeda,  the  Chained  Lady,  is  rising,  her  head  marked  by  the  star  a  (which 
wa?  also  called  6  of  Pegasus.  (The  "  Square  of  Pegasus  "  is  formed  by  a  of  Andromeda  and  a,  ft, 
and  Y  of  Pegasus?) 

Between  the  north  and  northeast  is  Cassiopeia,  the  Seated  Lady,  and  above  her,  her  husband, 
King  Cepheus.  And  lastly,  Perseus  is  just  rising,  between  the  north  and  northeast. 


MAP  VIII.     NIGHT  SKY.— JULY  AND  AUGUST. 


%*.-:-: 


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At  ii  o'clock:  July  7. 
At  lol  o'clock:  July  14. 
At  10  o'clock  :  July  22. 


At  9^  o'clock  :  July  30. 


At  9  o'clock  :  Aug.  7. 
At  81  o'clock  :  Aug.  14. 
At  8  o'clock  :  Aug.  22. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  :  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;  fifth  magniiude  (very  few),  tlircc-pointed.      For  star-names  reler  to  page  4. 


MAP  IX.     NIGHT  SKY.— AUGUST  AND  SEPTEMBER. 


At  ii  o'clock  :  Aug.  7. 
At  io|  o'clock  :  Aug.  14 
At  10  o'clock  :  Aug.  22. 


At  9|  o'clock  :  Aug.  29. 


At  9  o'clock  :  Sept.  6. 
At  8J  o'clock  :  Sept.  14. 
At  8  o'clock  :  Sept.  21. 


Star;  or  the  first  magni'u<l-  ore  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;   four  h  magniimle 
(a  few >,  four-pointed  ;  fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.     For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


MGI1T   SK.V.— AUGUST   A.\L)   Sl.I'Th.MBJiK. 


NIGHT  SKY.— AUGUST  AND  SEPTEMBER. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  is  low  down,  between  northwest  and  north,  the  Pointers  (a  a/id  ft) 
directed  slantingly  upward  toward  the  Pole.  A  line  from  the  Pole  Star  (a  of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa 
Minor)  to  the  Guardians  of  the  Pole  (ft  and  y),  is  in  the  position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  12 
minutes  before  an  hour.  Between  the  Great  Bear  and  the  Little'  Bear  run  the  stars  of  the  Dragon 
(Draco),  round  the  Little  Bear  toward  the  north,  thence  toward  the  northwest,  where  we  see  the  head 
of  the  Dragon  high  up,  its  two  bright  eyes,  ft  and  y,  directed  toward  Hercules,  which  occupies  the 
western  mid-heaven.  Above  Hercules  is  Lyra,  the  Lyre,  with  the  bright  steel-biue  star  Vega  high 
up  toward  the  point  overhead.  Right  overhead  is  the  Swan  (Cygnus). 

Low  down  in  the  northwest  we  see  in  the  chart  one  star  of  the  Hunting  Dogs  (Canes  Venatici). 
Nearer  the  west  stands  the  Herdsman,  rather  slanting  forward,  however,  with  the  Crown  (Corona 
Borenlis)  on  his  left,  almost  due  west.  The  long  winding  Serpent  (Scrpens)  runs  from  near  the  Crown 
(where  we  see  its  head  due  west)  to  farther  south  than  southwest,  high  up  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Serpent  Holder (Serpcntarius  or  Ophiuclius),  now  standing  upright  in  the  southwest.  Low  down  creeps 
the  Scorpion  (Scorpio),  its  heart  Antares,  rival  of  Mars,  in  the  southwest,  the  end  of  its  tail  between 
south  and  southwest.  Above  and  south  of  the  Scorpion's  tail  we  see  the  Archer  (Sagittarius). 

Due  south,  and  high  up,  is  the  Eagle  (Aquila),  its  tail  at  C  and  f,  its  head  at  0,  the  bright  steel- 
blue  Altair  marking  its  body.  On  the  left,  or  east,  of  the  Eagle  lies  the  neat  little  Dolphin  (Dclpli- 
inus).  Midway  between  the  Dolphin  and  the  horizon  is  the  tip  of  the  tail  of  the  Sea  Goat 
(Capricornns),  whose  head  lies  nearly  due  south. 

On  the  southern  horizon  is  the  head  of  the  Indian  (Indus)  ;  on  its  left  a  part  of  the  Crane  (Grus), 
and  low  down  in  the  southeast  lies  Fomalhaut,  the  chief  brilliant  of  the  Southern  Fish  (Piscis 
Australis).  Above  lies  the  Water  Bearer  (Aquarius),  in  the  southwestern  mid-heaven. 

Due  east,  fairly  high,  is  "  the  Square  of  Pegasus,"  the  head  of  the  Winged  Horse,  Pegasus  lying 
close  by  the  Water  Pitcher  of  Aquarius  (marked  by  the  stars  C,  ;',  and  «). 

The  Fishes  (Pisces)  are  low  down  in  the  east.  A  few  stars  of  the  Whale  (Cetus)  are  seen  on 
their  right,  very  low  down.  On  the  left  of  Pisces  we  see  the  Ram  (Aries),  low  down  ;  abcve  it  the 
Triangle;  and  above  that  the  Chained  Lady  (Andromeda). 

Low  down  in  the  northeast  is  the  Rescuing  Knight  (Perseus) ;  above  whom  is  Cassiopeia  ;  and  on 
her  left,  higher  up,  the  inconspicuous  constellation  Cepheus. 

Lastly,  immediately  below  Cep/ietis,  we  find  the  Camelopard,  below  which,  very  iow  down, 
between  north  and  northeast,  is  the  Charioteer  (Auriga),  the  brilliant  Capella  being  just  above  the 
horizon. 


32  NIGHT   SKY. — SEPTEMBER  AND   OCTOBER. 

NIGHT  SKY.— SEPTEMBER  AND  OCTOBER 


Low  down,  between  north  and  nothwest,  we  find  the  seven  stars  of  the  Dipper,  the  Pointers  on 
the  right  nearly  due  north.  They  direct  us  to  the  Pole  Star.  The  Guardians  of  the  Pole  (ft  and  y 
of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa  Minor)  lie  in  a  direction  from  the  Pole  Star  corresponding  to  that  of  the 
minute  hand  of  a  clock  about  1 7  minutes  before  an  hour.  Between  the  Pointers  and  the  Pole  Star  we 
find  the  tip  of  the  Dragon's  tail :  then  passing  round  the  Little  Bear  with  the  Dragon's  long  train 
of  third  magnitude  stars,  we  come,  after  a  bend,  to  the  Dragon's  head,  with  the  two  bright  eyes, 
or  and  /? — (part  of  the  Dragon's  nose  has  been  borrowed  by  Hercules).  These  two  stars  are  almost 
exactly  midway  between  the  horizon  and  the  point  overhead,  and  nearly  northwest.  King  Cepheus 
— not  a  very  conspicuous  constellation — lies  between  the  point  overhead  and  the  Little  Bear. 

Low  down  in  the  northwest  we  find  the  head  of  the  Herdsman  (Bootes).  The  Crown  (Corona 
Borealis),  which  no  one  can  mistake,  lies  on  his  left ;  and  close  by  is  the  setting  head  of  the  Serpent. 
Above  these  three  groups  we  see  Hercules — the  Kneeler — his  head  at  a,  his  upraised  club  by  y. 
Above  the  head  of  Hercules  we  find  the  Lyre,  with  the  bright  star  Vega  ;  and  above  that  the  Swan. 

Passing  southward,  we  see  the  Serpent-Holder  (Ser pent ar ins  or  Opliiuclius],  beyond  whom  lies 
the  Serpent's  tail ;  a  most  inconvenient  arrangement,  as  the  Serpent  is  divided  into  two  parts. 
Almost  exactly  southeast,  and  low  down,  are  the  stars  of  the  Archer  (Sagittarius);  while  above,  in 
the  mid-sky,  we  see  the  Eagle  (Aquila),  with  the  bright  Altair.  Note  the  neat  little  constellation 
the  Dolphin  (DelpJiinus),  close  by. 

Due  south  is  the  Crane  (Grus) ;  above  it  the  Southern  Fish,  with  the  bright  star  Fomalhaut. 
Above  that  the  Sea  Goat  (Capricornus),  and  on  the  left  of  this  the  Water  Bearer  (Aquarius)  ;  one 
can  recognize  his  water  pitcher,  marked  by  the  stars  /?,  y,  and  a. 

Toward  the  west,  high  up,  is  the  Winged  Horse  (Pegasus);  he  is  upside  down  just  now.  Below 
lies  the  Whale  (Cetus),  or  rather  the  Sea  Monster.  I  have  my  own  notion  about  Cetus,  regarding 
him  as  an  icthyosaurus  :  but  that  is  neither  here  nor  there.  The  star  o  of  this  constellation  is  called 
Mira ;  it  is  a  wonderful  variable  star.  The  Fishes  (Pisces)  may  be  seen  between  the  Whale  and 
Pegasus.  Few  constellations  have  suffered  more  than  Pisces  by  the  breaking  up  of  star  groups. 
The  Fishes  themselves  are  now  lost  in  Andromeda  and  Pegasus. 

Note  how  on  the  left  of  Pisces  the  Ram  (Aries')  "  bears  aloft  "  Andromeda,  the  Chained  Lady 
(whose  head  lies  at  a),  as  Milton  set  Aries  doing  long  since.  The  Triangles  serve  only  as  a  saddle. 
Between  Andromeda  and  her  father,  Cepheus,  we  find  her  mother,  Cassiopeia,  or  rather  Cassiopeia's 
Chair.  (Of  course  /?,  a,  and  y  mark  the  chair's  back.)  Perseus,  the  Rescuer,  lies  below ;  /?  is  the 
famous  variable  Algol.  Below  him  lies  the  Bull  (Taurus'),  with  the  Pleiades  and  the  bright  Aldeb- 
aran.  Low  down  to  the  left  of  the  Bull,  we  find  the  Charioteer  (Auriga},  with  the  bright  Capella. 
And  lastly,  any  one  who  likes  may  admire  the  Camelopard  (Camelofardalis),  between  the  Great  Bear, 
Cepheus,  and  the  Charioteer. 


MAP  X.     NIGHT  SKY.— SEPTEMBER  AND  OCTOBER. 


At  ii  o'clock:  Sept.  6. 
At  lot  o'clock:  Sept.  14. 
At  10  o'clock  :  Sept.  21. 


At  Qj  o'clock  :  Sept.  29. 


At  9  o'clock  :  Oct.  7. 
At  81  o'clock  :  Oct.  15. 
At  8  o'clock  :  Oct.  22. 


Stars  of  the   first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-pointed  ;  fif'h  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.     For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


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MAP  XI.     NIGHT  SKY.— OCTOBER  AND  NOVEMBER. 


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At  ii  o'clock:  Oct.  7. 
At  io|  o'clock:  Oct.  15. 
At  10  o'clock  :  Oct.  22. 


At  9!  o'clock  :  Oct.  30. 


At  9  o'clock :  Nov.  7. 
At  8£  o'clock  :  Nov.  14. 
At  8  o'clock :  Nov.  22. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  ;  fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-poinied  ;  fifth  magnitude  (vL-ry  few),  three-pointed.     For  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


NIGHT  SKY. — OCTOBER  AND  NOVEMBER.  37 


NIGHT  SKY.— OCTOBER  AND  NOVEMBER. 


The  Dipper  lies  low,  the  Pointers  a  little  east  of  north.  They  direct  to  the  Pole  Star.  The 
Guardians  of  the  Pole  (/?and  y  of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa  Minor)  lie  in  a  direction  from  the  pole 
star  corresponding  to  that  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  about  22  minutes  before  an  hour.  Between 
the  Pointers  and  Pole  Star  lies  the  tip  of  the  Dragon's  Tail.  Sweeping  around  the  Little  Bear  (i'rsa 
Minor)  we  find  the  stars  of  the  Dragon  (Draco)  curving  back  by  the  star  S  to  the  Dragon's  Head, 
with  the  two  bright  eyes,  y  and  /3.  Above  is  the  inconspicuous  constellation  Cepheus  ;  and  some- 
what higher,  the  stars  of  Cassiopeia,  a  and  fi,  marking  the  top  rail  of  the  Seated  Lady's  Chair. 

Low  down  in  the  northwest  Hercules  is  setting.  Above  is  the  Lyre,  with  the  bright  steel-blue 
Vega ;  and  above  that  the  stars  of  the  Swan  (Cygnus),  which  has  sometimes  been  called  the  Northern 
Cross. 

Nearly  due  west  we  find  the  Eagle  (Aquila),  £  and  e  marking  its  tail,  0  the  head.  Above  the 
Eagle  is  the  pretty  little  constellation  Delphinus,  the  Dolphin. 

In  the  southwest,  rather  low,  is  the  Sea  Goat  (Capricormis);  above  and  to  the  south  of  him  the 
Water  Bearer  (Aquarius),  with  his  pitcher,  marked  by  the  stars,  a,  y,  and  T.  The  head  of  the  Winged 
Horse,  Pegasus,  now  upside  down  (in  fact,  he  is  seldom  otherwise),  is  just  above  this  group.  The 
"  Square  of  Pegasus  "  will  be  noticed  high  up,  due  south.  The  star  a  of  Andromeda,  one  of  the 
corners  of  this  square,  used  to  be  also  called  6  of  Pegasus. 

Much  attention  need  not  be  directed  to  the  Phoenix,  low  in  the  southern  horizon.  The  River 
Eridanus  is  coming  well  into  view;  and  the  great  Sea  Monster  (Cetus)  now  shows  finely,  his  head 
at  ot  and  y,  his  paddles  at  C  and  r.  The  Fishes  (Pisces)  are  above  ;  the  Ram  (Aries)  above  them 
and  eastward,  lying  toward  the  southeast ;  then  the  Triangle  (Triangula,  or  the  Triangles,  according 
to  modern  maps),  and  the  Chained  Lady  (Andromeda)  too  nearly  overhead  to  be  very  pleasantly 
observed.  The  great  nebula  in  which  the  new  star  recently  appeared  is  near  the  point  overhead. 

The  grand  giant  Orion  is  rising  in  the  east ;  above  him  the  Bull  (  Taurus)  with  the  Pleiades.  Low 
down  in  the  northeast  the  Twins  (Gemini)  are  rising  ;  above  is  the  Charioteer  (Auriga),  and  above 
him  the  Rescuing  Knight  (Perseus),  "of  fair-haired  Danae  born."  The  Camelopard  is  hardly  worth 
noticing,  except  as  marking  a  barren  region  of  the  heavens. 


38  NIGHT   SKY. — NOVEMBER  AND   DECEMBER. 


NIGHT  SKY.— NOVEMBER  AND  DECEMBER. 


The  Great  Bear  (Ursa  Major)  is  beginning  to  rise  above  the  northeast  (by  north)  horizon.  The 
end  of  the  Dipper's  handle  is  hidden.  A  line  from  the  Pole  Star  (toward  which  the  Pointers  direct 
the  observer)  to  the  Guardians  of  the  pole  (/?  and  y  of  the  Little  Bear,  Ursa  Minor),  is  now  in  the 
position  of  the  minute  hand  of  a  clock  27  minutes  before  an  hour.  The  stars  of  the  Dragon 
wind  round  below  the  Little  Bear  toward  the  west,  the  head  of  the  Dragon  with  the  gleaming 
eyes  ("  oblique  retorted  that  askant  cast  gleaming  fire  ")  being  low  down,  a  little  north  of  north- 
west. Above  is  King  Cepheus,  and  above  him  his  queen,  the  Seated  Lady  (Cassiopeia) ;  their 
daughter,  the  Chained  Lady  (Andromeda)  being  nearly  overhead. 

Low  down  in  the  northwest  we  see  the  Lyre  (Lyra),  with  the  bright  Vega;  and  close  by  toward 
the  west  the  Swan  (Cygnus),  or  Northern  Cross.  The  Eagle  is  setting  in  the  west,  and  the  Little 
Dolphin  nears  the  western  horizon. 

Toward  the  southwest  (by  west)  we  see  the  Water  Bearer  (Aquarius],  with  his  pitcher  (ft,  y,  a), 
close  by  which  is  the  head  of  the  Winged  Horse  (Pegasus).  In  the  south,  low  down,  is  the  absurd 
Phoenix  ;  above,  the  Sea  Monster,  or  Whale  (Cetus) ;  above  him,  the  Fishes  (Pisces);  above  them, 
the  Ram  (Aries) ;  while  nearly  overhead  lies  the  Triangle,  in  reality  the  Triangles  (Triangula). 

The  River  (Eridanus)  occupies  the  southeasterly  sky.  The  Dove  and  Great  Dog  (Columba  and 
Cants  Major)  are  rising  in  the  southeast.  The  glorious  Orion  has  now  come  well  into  view,  though 
not  yet  so  upright  as  we  could  wish  a  knightly  hunter  to  be.  He  treads  on  the  Hare  (Lepus),  and 
faces  the  Bull  (Taurus)  above. 

Due  east  we  find  the  Crab  (Cancer),  and  Little  Dog  (Cants  Minor)  low  down  ;  the  Twins  (Gemini) 
higher ;  above  them  the  Charioteer  (Auriga),  with  the  bright  Cape/la,  and  Perseus  the  Rescuer  near- 
ing  the  point  overhead.  In  the  mid-space  between  Perseus,  Auriga,  and  the  two  Bears,  we  find  the 
ridiculous  constellation  Camelopardus,  or  the  Giraffe. 


MAP  XII.  NIGHT  SKY.— NOVEMBER  AND  DECEMBER. 


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At  ii  o'clock:  Nov.  7. 
At  lot  o'clock  :  Nov.  14. 
At  10  o'clock  :  Nov.  22. 


Southern  Horizon.: 


At  9!  o'clock :  Nov.  30. 


At  9  o'clock  :  Dec.  7. 
At  8i  o'clock :  Dec.  15. 
At  8  o'clock :  Dec.  23. 


Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  eight-pointed  ;  second  magnitude,  six-pointed  ;  third  magnitude,  five-pointed  -fourth  magnitude 
(a  few),  four-po.nled  :   fifth  magnitude  (very  few),  three-pointed.     1-or  star-names  refer  to  page  4. 


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